Posted 20/04/2022 by Anna Hough
How does the gender composition of the Australian parliament compare with parliaments around the world, and how has it changed over the past two decades?
International comparisons
The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) has published international rankings of women in national parliaments since 1997. The IPU’s rankings are based on the representation of women in the lower (or single) houses of national parliaments only. The representation of women in the Australian Senate is therefore not factored into Australia’s ranking.
As illustrated in Figure 1 below, Australia’s IPU ranking for women in national parliaments was 27th in 1997, rising to 15th in 1999. In 2022 Australia’s ranking has fallen to 57th.
Figure 1 — Australia’s international ranking for women in parliament: 1997 to 2022
Sources: Inter-Parliamentary Union, ‘Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments’ and ‘Women in National Parliaments: Archived Data’. Data is as at the earliest date in each year for which it has been published by the IPU. IPU rankings are based on representation in the lower (or single) house of parliament only.
This decline in Australia’s international ranking over the past two decades has occurred alongside an increase in the proportion of women in the House of Representatives. However, during this period many other countries have achieved greater increases in the proportion of women in their national parliaments, which explains the decline in Australia’s relative position.
Of the countries ranked in the top ten for women in parliament on 1 January 2022, all have seen the percentage of women in their lower or single house of parliament increase by at least 20 per cent in the 25 years from 1997 to 2022. As set out in the table below, the United Arab Emirates went from having no women in its parliament in 1997 to 50 per cent female representation in 2022. Rwanda and Andorra increased women’s representation by over 40 per cent, while Nicaragua, Mexico, and Cuba increased women’s representation by over 30 per cent. In comparison, the proportion of women in Australia’s House of Representatives increased by 15.6 per cent over the same period, from 15.5 per cent in 1997 to 31.1 per cent in 2022.
As set out in Table 1 below, eight of the ten countries with the highest percentage of women in their lower (or single) house of parliament have implemented some form of gender quota. Four of those eight countries have legislated gender quotas, while in the other four voluntary party quotas have been adopted by some or all of their political parties. In Australia, voluntary party quotas were introduced by the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in 1994, with the party currently having a target of 50 per cent female representation by 2025.
Table 1: Top ten countries for women in national parliaments, 1 January 2022
|
IPU ranking on 1 Jan 2022
|
Country
|
%Women on 1 Jan 1997
|
% Women on 1 Jan 2022
|
% Change since 1997
|
Quotas?
|
Type of quota
|
|
1
|
Rwanda
|
17.1
|
61.3
|
44.2
|
Yes
|
Legislated quotas
|
|
2
|
Cuba
|
22.8
|
53.4
|
30.6
|
No
|
N/A
|
|
3
|
Nicaragua
|
10.8
|
50.6
|
39.8
|
Yes
|
Legislated quotas
|
|
4=
|
Mexico
|
14.2
|
50.0
|
35.8
|
Yes
|
Legislated and voluntary party quotas
|
|
4=
|
United Arab Emirates
|
0.0
|
50.0
|
50.0
|
Yes
|
Legislated quotas
|
|
6
|
New Zealand
|
29.2
|
49.2
|
20.0
|
Yes
|
Voluntary party quotas
|
| 7 |
Iceland |
25.4 |
47.6 |
22.2 |
Yes |
Voluntary party quotas |
| 8= |
Grenada |
20.0 |
46.7 |
26.7 |
No |
N/A |
| 8= |
South Africa |
25.0 |
46.7 |
21.7 |
Yes |
Voluntary party quotas |
| 10 |
Andorra |
3.6 |
46.4 |
42.8 |
Yes |
Voluntary party quotas |
| 57 |
Australia |
15.5 |
31.1 |
15.6 |
Yes |
Voluntary party quotas |
Sources: Inter-Parliamentary Union, ‘Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments’ and ‘Women in National Parliaments: Archived Data’ and International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) ‘Gender Quotas Database’.
On 1 January 2022, as set out in Table 2 below, Australia ranked well behind New Zealand (6th), behind the United Kingdom (45th), just ahead of Canada (59th), and ahead of the United States of America (72nd).
Table 2: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America
|
Country
|
IPU ranking on 1 Jan 2022
|
% Women on 1 Jan 2022
|
Quotas?
|
Type of quota
|
|
New Zealand
|
6
|
49.2
|
Yes
|
Voluntary party quotas
|
|
United Kingdom
|
45=
|
34.4
|
Yes
|
Voluntary party quotas
|
|
Australia
|
57
|
31.1
|
Yes
|
Voluntary party quotas
|
|
Canada
|
59
|
30.5
|
Yes
|
Voluntary party quotas
|
|
United States of America
|
72=
|
27.7
|
No
|
N/A
|
Sources: Inter-Parliamentary Union, ‘Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments’ and ‘Women in National Parliaments: Archived Data’ and International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) ‘Gender Quotas Database’.
Parliaments or houses of parliament elected by proportional representation have generally had a higher representation of women than those elected from single-member constituencies only. New Zealand is the only country listed in Table 2 above that elects its members of parliament via proportional representation. In addition, New Zealand’s governing Labour Party has adopted a voluntary quota. In countries where the governing party has implemented a quota, the percentage of women in the parliament increases.
Trends in Australia
In 2001, 23 per cent of members of the House of Representatives and 29 per cent of senators were women. By 2022 the proportion of women in the House of Representatives had risen by only 8 per cent, to 31 per cent. In the same period the proportion of women in the Senate had increased by 24 per cent to 53 per cent. Since September 2019 the majority of Australian senators have been women.
The Senate’s proportional voting system has resulted in a higher representation of women than the single-member electorates in the House of Representatives. Proportional voting systems encourage parties to offer a more diverse range of candidates and often give parties more control over which of their candidates are elected.
Figure 2 below shows changes in women’s representation in Australia’s federal parliament, by chamber, between 2001 and 2022. The data represents snapshots taken on 1 January each year.
Figure 2 — Women in the Australian parliament: 2001 to 2022
Sources: Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Gender Indicators, Australia’, and Parliamentary Library data. Reference point is 1 January each year. These figures are calculated according to the current number of parliamentarians, and do not include vacant seats.
The proportion of women in the Australian parliament as a whole was 25 per cent in 2001, rising to 39 per cent by 2022.
Figure 3 below shows the percentage of women in the Australian parliament from the ALP and the Liberal-National coalition after each election since 1993. After the 1993 election the ALP’s proportion of female parliamentarians (11.8 per cent) was only slightly higher than the Coalition’s (10.9 per cent). Following the ALP’s introduction of quotas from 1994, the party’s representation of women increased, reaching 46.8 per cent after the 2019 election, compared with 25.9 per cent in the Coalition.
Figure 3: Women in the Australian parliament by major party after each election: 1993 to 2019
Source: Historical data on the composition of Australian parliaments by party and gender, maintained by the Parliamentary Library. Data reflects the composition of each parliament after MPs and Senators elected have taken up their seats after the election shown.
Further reading
For more resources relating to women in politics, please refer to the Parliamentary Library publication ‘Women in parliament and politics: a quick guide to key internet links’.